Personal Pronoun Definition and Examples in English

What Is Pleiotropy Definition and Examples

Pleiotropy refers to the expression of multiple traits by a single gene. These expressed traits may or may not be related. Pleitropy was first noticed by geneticist Gregor Mendel, who is known for his famous studies with pea plants. Mendel noticed that plant flower color (white or purple) was always related to the color of the leaf axil (area on a plant stem consisting of the angle between the leaf and upper part of the stem) and  seed coat. The study of pleitropic genes is important to genetics as it helps us to understand how certain traits are linked in genetic diseases. Pleitropy can be spoken of in various forms: gene pleiotropy, developmental pleiotropy, selectional pleiotropy, and antagonistic pleiotropy. Key Takeaways: What Is Pleiotropy? Pleiotropy is the expression of multiple traits by a single gene.Gene pleiotropy is focused on the number of traits and biochemical factors impacted by a gene.Developmental pleiotropy is focused on mutations and their influence on multiple traits.Selectional pleiotropy is focused on the number of separate fitness components affected by a gene mutation.  Antagonistic pleiotropy is focused on the prevalence of gene mutations that have advantages early in life and disadvantages later in life. Pleiotropy Definition In pleiotropy, one gene controls the expression of several phenotypic traits. Phenotypes are traits that are physically expressed such as color, body shape, and height. It is often difficult to detect which traits may be the result of pleitoropy unless a mutation occurs in a gene. Because pleiotropic genes control multiple traits, a mutation in a pleiotropic gene will impact more than one trait.   Typically, traits are determined by two alleles (variant form of a gene). Specific allele combinations determine the production of proteins which drive the processes for the development of phenotypic traits. A mutation occurring in a gene alters the DNA sequence of the gene. Changing gene segment sequences most often results in non-functioning proteins. In a pleiotropic gene, all of the traits associated with the gene will be altered by the mutation. Gene pleiotropy, also referred to as molecular-gene pleiotropy, focuses on the number of functions of a particular gene. The functions are determined by the number of traits and biochemical factors impacted by a gene. Biochemical factors include the number of enzyme reactions catalyzed by the protein products of the gene. Developmental pleiotropy focuses on mutations and their influence on multiple traits. The mutation of a single gene manifests in the alteration of several different traits. Diseases involving mutational pleiotropy are characterized by deficiencies in multiple organs that impact several body systems. Selectional pleiotropy focuses on the number of separate fitness components affected by a gene mutation. The term fitness relates to how successful a particular organism is at transferring its genes to the next generation through sexual reproduction. This type of pleiotropy is concerned only with the impact of natural selection on traits. Pleiotropy Examples An example of pleiotropy that occurs in humans is sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disorder results from the development of abnormally shaped red blood cells. Normal red blood cells have a biconcave, disc-like shape and contain enormous amounts of a protein called hemoglobin. Comparison of sickle cells and normal red blood cells.   ttsz / Getty Images Plus Hemoglobin helps red blood cells bind to and transport oxygen to cells and tissues of the body. Sickle cell is a result of a mutation in the beta-globin gene. This mutation results in red blood cells that are sickle-shaped, which causes them to clump together and become stuck in blood vessels, blocking normal blood flow. The single mutation of the beta-globin gene results in various health complications and causes damage to multiple organs including the heart, brain, and lungs. PKU PKU Testing.   Scientifica / Getty Images Plus Phenylketonuria, or PKU, is another disease resulting from pleiotropy. PKU is caused by a mutation of the gene responsible for the production of an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. This enzyme breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine that we get from protein digestion. Without this enzyme, levels of the amino acid phenylalanine increase in the blood and damage the nervous system in infants. PKU disorder may result in several conditions in infants including intellectual disabilities, seizures, heart problems, and developmental delays. Frizzled Feather Trait This image illustrates aspects of the frizzle chicken phenotype. Adult homozygous frizzle chicken feathers curve away from the body.   Ng, Chen Siang, et al. PLoS Genet 8(7): e1002748. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002748 The frizzled feather trait is an example of pleiotropy seen in chickens. Chickens with this particular mutated feather gene display feathers that curl outward as opposed to lying flat. In addition to curled feathers, other pleiotropic effects include a faster metabolism and enlarged organs. The curling of the feathers leads to a loss of body heat requiring a faster basal metabolism to maintain homeostasis. Other biological changes include higher food consumption, infertility, and sexual maturation delays. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis Antagonistic pleiotropy is a theory proposed to explain how senescence, or biological aging, can be attributed to natural selection of certain pleiotropic alleles. In antagonistic pleiotropy, an allele that has a negative impact on an organism can be favored by natural selection if the allele also produces advantageous effects. Antagonistically pleiotropic alleles that increase reproductive fitness early in life but promote biological aging later in life tend to be selected for by natural selection. The positive phenotypes of the pleiotropic gene are expressed early when reproductive success is high, while the negative phenotypes are expressed later in life when reproductive success is low. SEM of sickle cell and normal red blood cells.   Callista Images / Getty Images Sickle cell trait is an example of antagonistic pleiotropy in that the Hb-S allele mutation of the hemoglobin gene provides advantages and disadvantages for survival. Those who are homozygous for the Hb-S allele, meaning that they have two Hb-S alleles of the hemoglobin gene, have a short life span due to the negative impact (damage to multiple body systems) of the sickle cell trait. Those who are heterozygous for the trait, meaning that they have one Hb-S allele and one normal allele of the hemoglobin gene, do not experience the same degree of negative symptoms and show resistance to malaria. The frequency of the Hb-S allele is higher in populations and regions where malaria rates are high. Sources Carter, Ashley Jr, and Andrew Q Nguyen. Antagonistic Pleiotropy as a Widespread Mechanism for the Maintenance of Polymorphic Disease Alleles. BMC Medical Genetics, vol. 12, no. 1, 2011, doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-160.Ng, Chen Siang, et al. The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an ÃŽ ±-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis. PLoS Genetics, vol. 8, no. 7, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002748.  Paaby, Annalise B., and Matthew V. Rockman. The Many Faces of Pleiotropy. Trends in Genetics, vol. 29, no. 2, 2013, pp. 66–73., doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.010.  Ã‚  Phenylketonuria. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/phenylketonuria.

Perfect Competition vs Monopoly Free Essays

MS (perfect competition) Vs Thames Water (monopoly) At one end is perfect competition where there are very many firms competing against each other. Every firm is so tiny in relation to the entire trade that has no power to manipulate price. It is a ‘price taker’. We will write a custom essay sample on Perfect Competition vs Monopoly or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the other end is monopoly, where there is just a single firm in the industry, and for this reason no competition from inside the industry. Perfect competition e. g. Marks Spencer, they have many competitors such as, Asda, Next and Tesco. They productively have over 600 UK stores, in addition expanding international business. They employ over 75,000 people in the UK and abroad. On the whole, their clothing and homeware sales account for 49% of their business. The other 51% of business is in food, where they put on the market everything from fresh produce and groceries, to partly-prepared meals and ready meals. Nevertheless on the other end, there is a Monopoly e. g. Thames Water, which is UK’s largest water and wastewater, services company. They play a very important role in providing everyday 2,600 million litres of tap water to 8. 5 million customers across London and the Thames Valley. They also get rid of and take care of 2,800 million litres of sewage for an area covering 13. 5 million customers. The main strong point of National Grid is that there are no competitors. Having many firms rivalling not in favour of each other e. g. Marks Spencer, it is then good for consumers. The hypothesis of perfect competition demonstrates an intense form of free enterprise. Within it, firms are utterly issue to market forces. They have no power at all to influence the price of the product. The price they face is dogged by the interaction of demand and supply in the entire market. MS are ‘price takers’. There are numerous firms in the industry that each one manufactures an unimportantly small quantity of entire industry supply, and consequently has no power at all to change the price of the invention. For MS and their other opponents, there is full liberty of admission into the industry for fresh firms. Active firms are not capable to discontinue new firms setting up in business. New firms will find it relatively straightforward to enter markets if they feel there is irregular profits to be made. The entries of new firms make available competition and guarantee prices are kept low in the long-run. Manufacturers and customers have ideal awareness of the market. That is, manufacturers are completely alert of prices, costs and market chances. Customers are entirely aware of price, excellence and accessibility of the product. Thames Water has sustained their monopoly situation, by including obstacles (barriers) to the entry of new firms. Even if a market could support more than one firm, a new participant is unlikely to be able to start up on a very huge scale. Accordingly the Thames Water who is already experiencing economies of scale can charge a price under the cost of the new participant and force it out of business. If, nevertheless, the new participant is a firm previously established in another industry, it may be capable to endure this competition. Since there is, by classification, only one firm in the industry, the firm’s demand curve is also the industry demand curve. In contrast with other market organisations, demand under Thames Water tends to be less flexible. Thames Water can lift its price and consumers have no substitute firm to turn inside the industry. They moreover pay the superior price, or go without the product altogether. Dissimilar to MS, Thames Water is consequently a ‘price maker’. It can make a decision to what price to alter. On the other hand, it is still forced by its demand curve. An increase in price will decrease the amount demanded. As with firms in other market structures, Thames Water will make the most of profit where MR (rate price) = MC (Marginal Cost). Given that there are barriers to the entry of new firms, Thames Water’s supernormal profits will not be competed away in the lengthy run. The merely dissimilarity, therefore, among short-run and long-run equilibrium is that in the long-run the firm will manufacture where MR = long-run MC. Both MS and Thames Water face different types of market surroundings. Thames Water will generate a quite diverse output and at a fairly diverse price from MS type of industry. MS complete continued existence in the long run makes use of the most well-organized and fficient known technique, and develops new techniques anywhere possible. For example, Plan A. Plan A is Marks Spencer’s five-year, 100-point ‘eco’ plan to tackle some of the biggest challenges facing their business and the world. It will see them working with their customers and suppliers to combat climate change, reduce waste, safeguard natural resources, trade ethically and build a healthier nation. Altogether , they have cut down on food carrier bags by 80% – helping to reduce plastic waste. This helped raise half a million pounds for charity. Even though, Thames Water, protected by barriers to entry, be able to still create big profits even if it is not using the most efficient system. It has less motivation, therefore, to be efficient. For this motive, costs may be privileged under Thames Water. On the other hand, Thames Water may be bright to achieve considerable economies of scale due to larger plant, centralised management and the prevention of pointless repetition. Thames Water eradicates the want for numerous sets of rival water mains under each street. If this consequence in an MC curves significantly below that of the same industry under MS, Thames Water can yet manufacture a higher output at a lower price. An additional reason why Thames Water may well function with lower costs is that it can make use of part of its supernormal profits for investigate and progress and investment. It possibly will not contain the same motivation to develop into efficient as MS which is fighting for continued existence, but it may contain a much superior skill to become efficient than has the small firm with incomplete finances. Even if Thames Water faces no competition in the supplies market, it may face a substitute form of competition in financial markets. Thames Water, with potentially low costs, which at present runs inefficiently, is likely to be subject to a takeover tender from an additional company. This competition for commercial manage, as it is the struggle for the control of companies during takeovers, may as a result, force Thames Water to be efficient in order to avoid being taken over. Overall, there are two tremendous forms of market structure: monopoly (Thames Water) and, its opposite, perfect competition (Marks Spencer). MS is characterised by many buyers and sellers, many products that similar in nature and, as a result, many substitutes. Meaning there are few, if any, barriers to entry for new companies, and prices are determined by supply and demand. Consequently, MS are subject to the price of a good, the consumers can just turn to the firm decide to increase its selling price of a good; the consumers can just turn to the nearest competitor for a better price, causing any firm that increases its prices to lose market share and profits. Whereas the more constable the market, the more will Thames Water be forced to take action on like a firm under MS. If, therefore, Thames Water operates in a perfectly contestable market, it might bring the finest time for the consumer. Not simply will it be capable to accomplish low costs through economies of scale, but also the possible competition will keep profits and as a result prices down. Bibliography McAleese, Dermot (2004). Economics for business: competition, macro-stability, and globalisation Parkin, Michael (1939). Economics Peter J. Buckley, Jonathan Michie (1996) Firms, Organizations and Contracts a Reader in Industrial Organization: A Reader in Industrial Organization Hunter, Alex (1969). Monopoly and competition: selected readings www. tutor2u. net www. econ. rochester. edu/eco108/ch14/micro14/sld063. htm www. bized. co. uk www. ft. com Sloman, John (2007). Essential of Economics Journal of Business Economic Studies, 09/01/1997 to present How to cite Perfect Competition vs Monopoly, Papers

Movie Summary Run Lola Run Essay Example For Students

Movie Summary Run Lola Run Essay The ways which we understand key life issues as individuals can be affected by the techniques in which we imagine a mental image or concept. Run Lola Run, Tom Tykner is a distinctly visual film which portrays a substantial amount of dialogue, as well as the story being told through images, symbols and motifs, this affects our views of the events which occur throughout the film and as a viewer have become aware of the multiple perceptions which have impacted on us. Tom Tykwer captured this notion, though Run Lola Run as he absorbed the most significant aspects of life including, chance, love, deaths and decision making. Tykner does this to help understand key life issues and adapt to what our purpose is in life and the adventures we will undertake throughout. Alice in wonderland, illustrated by Lewis Carroll, shows signs of distinctly visual though its portrayal that we are most moved to contemplate the significance of our lives in different dimensions. We will write a custom essay on Movie Summary Run Lola Run specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Carroll’s use of, symbolism and techniques such as the use of colours enables us to broaden our understanding of the divstincltvly visual occurring though the text. Tom Tykwer portrays a varitey of distinctively visual themes in the film, Run Lola Run, which demonstrate the conflict between the notions of fate and chance, this is clarifying a serious of unpredictable situations throughout the three runs which occur during the film. In the opening of the film fate and chance are firstly stimulated though a serious of retrace questions: â€Å"who are we? Where do we come from? Where are we going? Why do we believe anything at all? ’. The last question, â€Å"Why do we believe anything at all? ’ Is giving viewers the impression of not being abele to rely on themselves or the feeling of pointless in believing that individuals are in full control of their own destiny and actions. After the particular questions are asked in the opening, the low angle shot appears to reveal that the questions being asked were spoken by the policeman. The policeman is seemed to be a individual figure of fate who attributes characteristics of the theme â€Å"fate and chance†. So therefore, the protagonist in the film, Lola, has constant enclosures with the policeman with all three runs, each run explaining the meaning of the policeman having different behaviours which affect Lola’s attitude or self determination towards getting the money needed for mania, which is supplies by her â€Å"so called Father†, this is lola taking her chances not considering the consequences ahead, just taking that chance. Tykwer demonstrates how Lola is knows the she is subsequently â€Å"policed† by fate. Tykwer then reliably goes on to explain the next a quote expressed in a forceful manner, â€Å"The ball is round, the game last 90 minutes. Thats a fact. † In the time following, he kicks the soccer ball vertically up which is a distinctive example of human life as a game, and the outcome depends on the actions and decisions made by the individual. Other characters thought the film such as the tramp or the lady pushing the pram are recurring events during the film. these events are symbolic to change which straighten our understanding of that postmodern perception that an individuals life is interconnected with a multiple sequence of parole lives. By distinctively sterilising these images Tykwer portrays â€Å"fate† as a highly purposeful and easily evaporated explanation that situation. Lola is portrayed throughout the film as a memorable character, this is though the use of colour on Lola. Lola has intense red hair which is mad to stand out in every scene, the idea of the colour red refers to the passionate love lola has for Mannie. For example when Lola was in bed with Mannie during the **second run**, the only colour you could see was red as it stood out, and as the red went away you could feel the heart fade away. .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 , .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .postImageUrl , .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 , .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:hover , .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:visited , .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:active { border:0!important; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:active , .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59 .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u469dc52e367b771e522805dda9f1ea59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Overview - Sugar Cane Alley EssayTherefore Tykwer uses this colour red to significantly emphasise the love story between Lola and Mannie. The red images gives a clear image to the audience that the film is directed to the feelings in which Lola and Mannie relationship reflects each other, this making Lola that memorable character she is bought out to be. as well as Lola’s hair being red, there are other objects within the film which also symbolise the significance of the red colour. For example, the red telephone which Lola uses to all Mannie in the first scene of the film*** WHY? Other than Lola, Mannie also shows a stand out colour towards him, this colour is yellow. The yellow symbolising** What does the colour yellow symbolise?. The colour of Mannie’s hair is yellow, Mannie speaks to Lola on in a yellow telephone box and Mannie wears yellow clothes. By having the main character placed with a particular colour, symbolises to the audience what type of person they are or how they show their character throughout the film. Other then the symbols of the main charters, Lola and Mannie, In the first scene of the film Tyknewr plays back a visual scene in Lola’s memory and produces the colours seen in black and white. The black and white images symbolise the sense of emergency which Lola was thinking, makes the viewers go into deep thought with Lola only at that very time, then when the colours return back to normal, the views step back with Lola to reality, feeling the force of emotions. Symbols throughout the film play a vital role within portrays specific aspects of the audience interpreting the distinctly visual images. One of the many visual symbols Tykwer uses throughout the film is the Clock. The clock is shown all thought the film Bibliography: http://csfilmanalysis.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/run-lola-run.html